He aha nā ʻano maʻamau o ka palaho radioactive?Pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke pale aku iā mākou iho i nā hopena pōʻino o ka radiation hopena?
Ma muli o ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā nalu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka nucleus e lilo i kūpaʻa, aia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka palaho radioactive e alakaʻi ana i ka radiation ionizing.ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau he alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays a me neutrons.
Pāhawewe alpha
ʻAha pohō (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
I ka pāhawewe alpha, hoʻokuʻu ka nuclei palaho i nā ʻāpana kaumaha, i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i mea e lilo ai i mea paʻa.ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau ʻāpana ke komo i loko o ko mākou ʻili i mea e pōʻino ai a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi pepa pepa.
Eia nō naʻe, inā lawe ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alpha i loko o ke kino ma ka hanu ʻana, ka ʻai ʻana a me ka inu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike pololei i nā ʻiʻo o loko a no laila e hōʻino i ke olakino.
ʻO Americium-241 kahi laʻana o kahi ʻātoma e palaho ma o nā ʻāpana alpha, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea ʻike uahi a puni ka honua.
Pāhawewe beta
Palaho Beta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
I ka pāhawewe beta, hoʻokuʻu ka nuclei i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (electrons) i ʻoi aku ke komo ʻana ma mua o nā ʻāpana alpha a hiki ke hele i loko o ka laʻana, 1-2 kenimika o ka wai, ma muli o ko lākou ikehu.Ma keʻano laulā, hiki i kahi ʻāpana alumini ka mānoanoa he mau millimeters ke hoʻōki i ka radiation beta.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻātoma paʻa ʻole e hoʻopuka ana i ka radiation beta, ʻo ia ka hydrogen-3 (tritium) a me ka carbon-14.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Tritium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i nā kukui ulia pōpilikia no ka laʻana e hōʻailona i nā puka i ka pōʻeleʻele.ʻO kēia no ka mea, ʻo ka radiation beta mai ka tritium e hoʻomālamalama i ka mea phosphor i ka wā e launa pū ai ka radiation, me ka ʻole o ka uila.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Carbon-14 e, no ka laʻana, ka lā i nā mea mai ka wā i hala.
Nā kukuna Gamma
Nā kukui Gamma (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
ʻO nā kukuna Gamma, he mau mea hoʻohana like ʻole, e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, ʻo ia ka radiation electromagnetic, e like me nā kukui X.Holo pololei kekahi mau kukuna gamma i ke kino o ke kanaka me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino, a ʻo kekahi e komo ʻia e ke kino a hiki ke hoʻopōʻino.Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika o nā kukuna gamma i nā pae i emi ʻole ka pilikia e nā paia mānoanoa o ke kaʻa a i ʻole ke kēpau.ʻO ia ke kumu o ka mānoanoa o nā paia o nā lumi lapaʻau radiotherapy i nā halemai no nā maʻi maʻi maʻi.
Neutrons
ʻO ka fission nuklea i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe nuklea he laʻana o ka hopena kaulahao radioactive i mālama ʻia e nā neutrons (Graphic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
ʻO nā neutrons he mau ʻāpana nui ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui o ka nucleus.ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a no laila ʻaʻole hana pololei i ka ionization.Akā ʻo kā lākou launa pū ʻana me nā ʻātoma o ka mea hiki ke hoʻāla i nā alpha-, beta-, gamma- a i ʻole X-ray, a laila e hopena i ka ionization.Ke komo nei nā Neutrons a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻāpana manoanoa o ke konima, ka wai a i ʻole ka paraffin.
Hiki ke hana ʻia nā neutrons ma nā ʻano he nui, no ka laʻana i nā reactors nuklea a i ʻole i nā hopena nuklea i hoʻomaka ʻia e nā ʻāpana ikaika kiʻekiʻe i nā kaola accelerator.Hiki i nā Neutrons ke hōʻike i kahi kumu nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ionizing ʻole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-11-2022